1	Protists
2	Origin of Eukaryotes Oldest eukaryotes date back 1.5 billion years - after O₂ accumulated in the atmosphere Models of Eukaryotic origins Endomembrane system Serial Endosymbiosis model for plastids
3	Endosymbiotic origins of Eukaryotes
4	"Endosymbiosis in Eucaryotic Evolution" Endosymbiosis in Eucaryotic Evolution The diversity of plastids in many groups of algae suggests that “endosymbiosis” may have played an important roll in the evolution of the “protist” groups.
5	"Primary endosymbiosis" Primary endosymbiosis
6	"Secondary and Tertiary Endosymbyosis" Secondary and Tertiary Endosymbyosis
7	Exploring the diversity of the Protista Your text presents one “hypothesis”, 5 “supergroups” of protists Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta
8	Excavata Members of this group have an “excavated” grove on one side of the cell body. Includes the Diplomonads, Parablstids, and the Euglenozoans.
9	Diplomonads and Parabasalids These two clades lack plastids Their mitochondria do not have DNA, electron transport chains or the enzymes needed for the citric acid cycle. Most are anarobic Parasites
10	"Diplomonads" Diplomonads Giardia intestinalis Parabasalids Trichomonas vaginalis
11	Euglenozoans Predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs and pathogenic parasites Unique flagella structure Spiral or crystalline rod structure inside the flagella
12	Euglenozoa Kinetoplastids One large mitochondria with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast Trypanosoma sp.
13	Euglenids Euglena sp.
14	Chromalveolates This group originated in an ancient secondary endosymbiosis
15	Alveolates All members of this clade have sacs beneath the plasma membrane. Three groups Dinoflagelates Apicomplexans Ciliates
16	Alveolates Dinoflagellates Internal plates of cellulose “Theca”
17	Alveolates Apicomplexans Parasites that spread through their hosts as tiny infectious cells called “sporozites”. Plasmodium sp. causes malaria.
18	Alveolates Plasmodium sp. life cycle
19	Alveolates Ciliates All posses cilia
20	Stramenopiles Members of this clade have “hairy” flagella
21	Stramenopiles Diatoms
22	Stramenopiles Chrysophytes (Golden brown algae) Dinobryon sp.
23	Stramenopiles Brown algae
24	Stramenopiles Laminaria sp. Life cycle
25	Stramenopiles Oomycetes – Water molds “Fungal-like Protista” Heterotrophic Intracellular digestion Decomposers Coenocytic hyphae
26	Stramenopiles Saprolegnales Saprolegnia sp.
27	Stramenopiles Saprolegnia sp.
28	Peronosporales Parasites on vascular plants. Powdery Mildews
29	Peronosporales
30	Rhizaria This group consists of species of amoebas, most of which have pseudopodia that are threadlike in shape.
31	Rhizaria Thread-like pseudopodia Foraminifera - calcium carbonate tests Radiolarians - silica tests
32	Archaeplastids This group was one of the first groups formed by an early primary endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanophyte.
33	"Red and Green algae are..." Red and Green algae are the closest relatives to the land plants. Red Algae
34	"Many red algae which contain..." Many red algae which contain phycoerythrin are adapted to live in very deep waters where only the energetic blue wavelengths of light can penetrate.
35	"Many red algae species are..." Many red algae species are cultivated and are important foods
36	Chlorophyta (Green Algae) This is one of the most morphologically diverse groups of algae. Unicellular, colonial, motile, non-motile, filamentous, and membranous forms are known.
37	"Green algae" Green algae
38	"Chlamydomonas sp" Chlamydomonas sp. Life cycle
39	"One group of green algae" One group of green algae, the Charophyta, are believed to have given rise the multicellular terrestrial plants.
40	Unikonta The Unikonta is a recently proposed supergroup that includes animals, fungi and some protists.
41	Amoebozoans Slime Molds Plasmodial slime molds Physarum polycephalum Cellular slime molds Dictostelium sp.
42	"Physarum polycephalum life cycle" Physarum polycephalum life cycle
43	"Physarum polycephalum" Physarum polycephalum
44	"Dictyostelium sp" Dictyostelium sp. Life cycle
45	"Dictyostelium sp" Dictyostelium sp.
46	Amoebozoans Gymnamoebas - move by the use of lobe-shaped pseudopodia